![]() ![]() In this, the hydrogen is present as a hydride ion, H. Metal hydrides include compounds like sodium hydride, NaH. If you are interested in these odd compounds, do an internet search for alkalides. The generalisation that Group 1 metals always have an oxidation state of +1 holds good for all the compounds you are likely to meet. ![]() You can ignore these if you are doing chemistry at A level or its equivalent. That would give an oxidation state of -1. Note: It has been pointed out to me that there are a handful of obscure compounds of the elements sodium to caesium where the metal forms a negative ion - for example, Na. ![]() Some elements almost always have the same oxidation states in their compounds: elementĮxcept in metal hydrides where it is -1 (see below)Įxcept in compounds with O or F (see below) Remember that fluorine is the most electronegative element with oxygen second. The less electronegative one is given a positive oxidation state. The more electronegative element in a substance is given a negative oxidation state. The sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms in an ion is equal to the charge on the ion. The sum of the oxidation states of all the atoms or ions in a neutral compound is zero. That's obviously so, because it hasn't been either oxidised or reduced yet! This applies whatever the structure of the element - whether it is, for example, Xe or Cl 2 or S 8, or whether it has a giant structure like carbon or silicon. The oxidation state of an uncombined element is zero. Instead you learn some simple rules, and do some very simple sums! You don't work out oxidation states by counting the numbers of electrons transferred. If you know how the oxidation state of an element changes during a reaction, you can instantly tell whether it is being oxidised or reduced without having to work in terms of electron-half-equations and electron transfers. Recognising this simple pattern is the single most important thing about the concept of oxidation states. Reduction involves a decrease in oxidation state Oxidation involves an increase in oxidation state Oxidation state shows the total number of electrons which have been removed from an element (a positive oxidation state) or added to an element (a negative oxidation state) to get to its present state. The sulphur has an oxidation state of -2. What if you kept on adding electrons to the element? You can't actually do that with vanadium, but you can with an element like sulphur. You could eventually get back to the element vanadium which would have an oxidation state of zero. The oxidation state of the vanadium is now +5.Įvery time you oxidise the vanadium by removing another electron from it, its oxidation state increases by 1.įairly obviously, if you start adding electrons again the oxidation state will fall. It is also possible to remove a fifth electron to give another ion (easily confused with the one before!). The positive oxidation state is counting the total number of electrons which have had to be removed - starting from the element. Notice that the oxidation state isn't simply counting the charge on the ion (that was true for the first two cases but not for this one). The vanadium is now in an oxidation state of +4. Removal of another electron gives a more unusual looking ion, VO 2+. The vanadium now has an oxidation state of +3. Removal of another electron gives the V 3+ ion: The vanadium is now said to be in an oxidation state of +2. If you think about how these might be produced from vanadium metal, the 2+ ion will be formed by oxidising the metal by removing two electrons: Vanadium forms a number of different ions - for example, V 2+ and V 3+. If you don't know anything about vanadium, it doesn't matter in the slightest. We are going to look at some examples from vanadium chemistry. It would probably be best to read on and come back to these links if you feel you need to. Note: If you aren't sure about either of these things, you might want to look at the pages on redox definitions and electron-half-equations. Oxidation and reduction in terms of electron transfer However, for the purposes of this introduction, it would be helpful if you knew about: Oxidation states simplify the whole process of working out what is being oxidised and what is being reduced in redox reactions. Oxidation states are straightforward to work out and to use, but it is quite difficult to define what they are in any quick way.Įxplaining what oxidation states (oxidation numbers) are This page explains what oxidation states (oxidation numbers) are and how to calculate them and make use of them. ![]()
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![]() ![]() CCleaner mostly only provides tools that let you remove certain junk files from your machine. This is definitely a good price for a cleaning tool but the issue is with the number of features that you get. You need to make sure you are getting the most value for your money.ĬCleaner’s cheapest plan starts at $29.95 per year for a single Mac. There are mainly two factors that decide the worthiness of a Mac cleaning tool: the first one is the number of features that the tool has and the second one is the price of the tool. ![]() This will basically require you to keep an eye on the configuration of the tool and know what it will delete beforehand to avoid any unexpected consequences. If that happens, you will experience issues with your apps as without their files the apps will not work the way they should. However, always be sure to check what the app cleans on your machine, as this app tends to be aggressive in the cleaning process and it can end-up deleting your essential files. You can be worry-free while using most cleaning options in this tool. In the latest versions, though, you do not have to worry about anything as it seems to do what it promises. This tool has been in the news in the past which raised the eyebrows of many users. If you choose to go for CCleaner, you want to find out if you can trust it for cleaning your Mac. Therefore, you should always be a bit skeptical about the tool that you use and find out how safe it is to use the tool you choose for the cleaning task. While looking for a cleaning tool for your Mac, you should not ignore the fact that many cleaning tools do not work the way they are advertised. You have the option to selectively remove files in case you do not wish to delete all of the files for your app. You can choose the app that you want to delete the files for. The program lets you delete junk files for various apps that you have installed on your Mac. This usually includes the junk files created by your web browsers, your system’s unwanted files, and so on. The first tab that says Mac OS X helps remove native junk files from your machine. On the right pane, you will find two tabs that say Mac OS X and Applications. The app automatically selects the recommended options, however, you are free to make your own selection. It is here that you can choose what items you would like to get rid of your machine. Once you have selected Cleaner from the left, you will find various options that you can enable and disable on the right pane. Mainly, you will only be using the option that says Cleaner as that is where the actual cleaning features of this app can be accessed from. When you install and launch this app, you will find a few options on the left sidebar. How does CCleaner work?ĬCleaner works pretty much the same way as most other Mac cleaning tools. You can avoid deleting any files that you wish to preserve with these customizable options. This allows you to selectively remove junk files from your Mac. On the right of the screen, you see various configurable options for the feature that you choose from the left sidebar. Therefore, the app mainly only has a few options in the sidebar that then let you access various cleaning features. The focus of this app is mainly on helping you get rid of junk files from your Mac. This way, you can quickly find what you are looking for without having to use the traditional menu bar that most Mac apps use. In order to provide you with easy to use options, the app has all of its options laid in various tabs on the left. Once you obtain the free or the paid version of the program, you can start using it to remove unnecessary and junk files from your computer. This cleaning tool has been around for quite a long time, and it has helped many users clean up their Mac machines. If you have ever looked up for a Mac cleaner app on the Internet, you are likely familiar with CCleaner. Requirements: 64-bit macOS 10.10 or later.Distribution: You can buy it directly from the official website.Free trial: Yes but with a limited number of features.Price: $29.95 for 1 Year CCleaner Professional (1 Mac). ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() You have created beautiful times and experiences for us, and I am just glad that my life is with yours every day. I love that I am spending the rest of my life with you, that’s the fulfillment of an age-long dream I’ve had since we met. Just like the first time we met, you still successfully make my heart race and send signals to my brain. I love the perfect blend that makes you up as a woman, my woman. You’re my one and only princess charming, that’s if there’s anything like that. “I didn’t realize this earlier, but now I’m sure of it. keep that sweet smile on your face always!”Ħ. The day I will stop loving you is the day I die. Every moment I spend loving you is like the moments I spend in heaven. I don’t care what anyone says or whatever happens, you will always be my one and only woman.”ĥ. To the woman of my dreams, the one that calms my spirit always, the only woman that holds my heart locked, I love you too much, babe. With you in my life, my days are much better. Since I met you, I’ve had no regrets, and I’m positive there won’t be one, ever. Your love in my heart is fresh and preserved each day for the next day to come. “If you ask me a million times how much I love you, my answer will remain the same that I love you too much in a million ways. ![]() My relationship with you extends beyond that of a crime-fighting partner to one in which you are also the answer to my prayers.”Ĥ. “There are no words or love paragraphs that can adequately convey my emotions towards you, but I will not give up trying you are the love of my life and the apple of my eye, and I would go to any length to ensure that you are content in your relationship with me. I’m fully and utterly head over heels in love with you.”ģ. ![]() Thank you so much for all you’ve done for me. All of this is to say that you complete me, and I consider myself tremendously blessed to have you as a member of my family. “My heart skips a beat just thinking about being in your presence, and the music that is playing in my thoughts makes me want to jump up and dance. But what is even more interesting is that for some people, it comes with a package full of cuteness. “True love comes at the most unexpected moment, and it costs nothing at all. They will help you express your deepest love in the loveliest way possible!ġ. We’ll start with my list of the top 20 best long paragraphs for her copy and paste. So, let’s check out my collection of long paragraphs for her copy and paste!ħ Conclusion 20 Best Long Paragraphs For Her Copy And Paste You can also use these love paragraphs as romantic love letters for Valentine’s day, or send them as emotional love messages to make her happy. These long paragraphs for her copy and paste will work wonders in this situation too! If you’ve done something that hurt her feelings, you’ll need thoughtful sorry paragraphs for her, and the best way to say ‘I am sorry for hurting you my love’ is by sending her some strong declarations of love. These inspirational quotes can serve you as a perfect good morning paragraph to make her cry happy tears or a cute goodnight paragraph to remind her of your love before she falls asleep. The cute love paragraphs and sweet love quotes you’re about to read will help you pour out all your love for her. If you’ve been searching for some long paragraphs to express your love for that special lady in your life, this article is perfect for you! Here you’ll discover the very best long paragraphs for her copy and paste in the world! ![]() ![]() ![]() For Boosting Concentration: A study at Duke University Medical Center had participants listen to 30 minutes of beta (16-24 Hz) binaural beats. They found that binaural beats enhanced attention to specific visual details. For Improving Focus: A study by the Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition in the Netherlands had 36 participants listen to gamma-frequency (40 Hz) binaural beats for 3 min before and during a task. Here are some of the highlights of the health benefits of binaural beats from the different studies:ġ. However, there have been a variety of small studies on the focus, health and performance benefits of brainwave entrainment with binaural beats (PubMed lists 142 studies in total). There hasn’t been any large-scale clinic research funded into binaural beats largely because the technology can’t be easily patented so it doesn’t make sense for companies to do expensive studies. Here’s a good overview of how binaural beats work because it can take some repetition to wrap your mind around how the process works: The brain way perceives the binaural beat and resonates to the frequency of the difference in the two tones, which is popularly known as brainwave entrainment, and in the scientific literature, it is called the frequency following response. What happens is your brain interprets the two tones as a beat of their own and aligns your brain waves to produce a beat with a frequency that is the difference in hertz (HZ) of the two tones.įor example, if you are listening to a 430 Hz tone with your left ear and a 440 Hz tone with your right ear, you would be hearing a 10 Hz tone which will entrain your brain waves to the alpha frequency in the range of 8 – 12 Hz. There is also a lot of anecdotal evidence from the millions of people that regularly listen to binaural beats on YouTube to achieve states of deep tranquility, flashes of creative insight, euphoria, intensely focused attention, and enhanced learning abilities.Ī binaural beat is technically an illusion created by the brain when you listen to two tones with slightly different frequencies in each ear simultaneously. While much of the scientific establishment is skeptical of their benefits, these frequencies have been studied extensively by Robert Monroe and The Monroe Institute over the past 40 years.įrom their extensive research, they argue that inducing brainwave frequencies through the use of binaural beats causes a wide range of effects and could be a revolutionary technology for improving mental health (I will outline the scientific research into the efficacy of binaural beats later in this guide). I’ve also found that they are an effective tool for both active recovery and achieving deep states of relaxation in addition to the benefits of increasing the length of my attention span when doing challenging work online. ![]() ![]() I’ve been listening to binaural beats to study and relax ever since I discovered Holosync while I was at University and I have found them to be very effective for improving my focus and productivity. They work through signals of two different frequencies that are played separately in each ear, which causes the human brain to detect the phase variation between the frequencies and try to reconcile that difference by creating a third signal - called a binaural beat - which is equal to the difference between those two frequencies. ![]() They are used to stimulate and influence your brain’s electrical brain wave activity and guide you to specific mental states that correspond to the frequencies of brainwave entrainment used. Binaural beats are a method of producing brainwave entrainment. ![]() ![]() ![]() Supports a wide range of file formats: Camtasia supports a wide range of file formats, so you can work with all types of media, including video and audio files. ![]()
![]() ![]() ![]() Most recently, the synthesis of element 118 (since named oganesson) was reported in October 2006, and the synthesis of element 117 ( tennessine) was reported in April 2010. In this context, "known" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized. At over 1.9 ×10 19 years, over a billion times longer than the current estimated age of the universe, bismuth-209 (atomic number 83) has the longest known alpha decay half-life of any naturally occurring element, and is almost always considered on par with the 80 stable elements. Some of these elements, notably bismuth (atomic number 83), thorium (atomic number 90), and uranium (atomic number 92), have one or more isotopes with half-lives long enough to survive as remnants of the explosive stellar nucleosynthesis that produced the heavy metals before the formation of our Solar System. Elements with atomic numbers 83 through 94 are unstable to the point that radioactive decay of all isotopes can be detected. Isotopes considered stable are those for which no radioactive decay has yet been observed. Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, those with atomic numbers 1 through 82 each have at least one stable isotope (except for technetium, element 43 and promethium, element 61, which have no stable isotopes). New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay. On Earth, small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions, or in cosmogenic processes, such as cosmic ray spallation. Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis. The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms), along with tiny traces of the next two elements, lithium and beryllium. The discovery and synthesis of further new elements is an ongoing area of scientific study. Save for unstable radioactive elements ( radionuclides) which decay quickly, nearly all of the elements are available industrially in varying amounts. The first 94 occur naturally on Earth, and the remaining 24 are synthetic elements produced in nuclear reactions. ![]() The periodic table summarizes various properties of the elements, allowing chemists to derive relationships between them and to make predictions about compounds and potential new ones.īy November 2016, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry had recognized a total of 118 elements. This table organizes the elements by increasing atomic number into rows (" periods") in which the columns (" groups") share recurring ("periodic") physical and chemical properties. Much of the modern understanding of elements developed from the work of Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist who published the first recognizable periodic table in 1869. Attempts to classify materials such as these resulted in the concepts of classical elements, alchemy, and various similar theories throughout human history. The history of the discovery and use of the elements began with primitive human societies that discovered native minerals like carbon, sulfur, copper and gold (though the concept of a chemical element was not yet understood). Air is primarily a mixture of the elements nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, though it does contain compounds including carbon dioxide and water. Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in the Earth as compounds or mixtures. Only a minority of elements, such as silver and gold, are found uncombined as relatively pure native element minerals. When different elements undergo chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged into new compounds held together by chemical bonds. This is in contrast to chemical compounds and mixtures, which contain atoms with more than one atomic number.Īlmost all of the baryonic matter of the universe is composed of chemical elements (among rare exceptions are neutron stars). For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom, and each chemical element is distinguished by the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms, known as its atomic number. A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. ![]() ![]() ![]() Laverne also demonstrates how to weave on a backstrap loom in the video Operating a Backstrap Loom, available for purchase from Taproot Videos. If you would like to learn more about backstrap weaving, we recommend that you visit Laverne Waddington's website, Backstrap Weaving, where you will find many excellent resources, including instructions for use. 3 leash sticks/heddle rods (16", one is notched) The fundamental operation of the loom remained unchanged, but a long succession of improvements were introduced through ancient and medieval times in both Asia and Europe.The loom itself is quite simple, basically a collection of different sized and shaped sticks. 3 notched loom bars (16", 13" between notches) Mayan weavers continue to make traditional clothing for everyday use and for the textile market using this traditional loom. Weaving textiles on a backstrap loom is ancient practice in Mesoamerica (and all over the world).Backstrap belt is not included, but may be purchased separately here. You may want to sand the wood and/or finish it. Made in Guatemala, these are just like the looms used by our artisan partners. Since then, mothers have taught daughters to weave, sharing with them the beauty and meaning of their rich cultural traditions. If you've always been fascinated by the art of backstrap weaving, here is a loom so you can try it yourself. INDIGART also has the dream to collaborate with indigenous backstrap loom weavers in other countries of the Americas, including Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia.Myth has it that Our Grandmother the Moon, the goddess Ixchel, taught the first woman how to weave at the beginning of time. ![]() Our production cycle is “slow,” as it can take one weaver 4-6 weeks to create a piece. Cotton can be expensive for local Guatemalans, especially for larger pieces, so the cooperatives provide the materials to make sure that the weavers do not have to purchase it themselves. All of our products are hand-made using cotton. We only do business with indigenous women-led cooperatives to guarantee that the weavers and artisans are receiving a living wage and benefiting directly from each purchase. The Guatemalan highlands, especially the Quiché region, were the most affected by the atrocities of this war. ![]() Indigenous men were considered guerrillas during these dark times, and many disappeared or were murdered. These women had to find a way to provide for their families when most of the men disappeared from their villages, so they decided to join forces and weave to survive. Two of these cooperatives were initiated in the 1980s by a group of indigenous women during the civil war. Our partners include women-led cooperatives located in the Guatemalan highlands. Weaving the World of Ancient Mayan Women Ancient Origins maya weaving. ![]() Therefore, we do not work with weavers or suppliers who are not the direct cultural owners of this art. Unlike the treadle loom, the backstrap loom allows the weaver to brocade designs. Our wish is to support the creators of this art in the region. Many indigenous women and men have been forced to give up their traditional clothing to adjust to modern Guatemalan society. Unfortunately, this art form is endangered due the effects of globalization, the fast-fashion mindset of consumers, and discrimination. Mayan women sitting on the ground and weaving on backstrap looms in. Women have traditionally been the weavers in Guatemalan culture, and they tend to do it from home while taking care of their families or while selling at the market. Find backstrap loom Stock Photos & Images at agefotostock, one of the best stock. Rocking back and forth she controls the tension as she creates an expanse of cloth. The backstrap loom is easy to carry, is adjustable to the body, and can be easily transported. A Maya woman sits with legs crossed as she works on a backstrap loom. The loom used for this technique is horizontal and consists of sticks, ropes, and a strap that is tied behind the waist. Backstrap loom weaving is a two-thousand-year-old tradition that can be found in Mayan pre-hispanic hieroglyphs. INDIGART Designs LLC partners with cooperatives led by indigenous women in Guatemala who still practice the ancient art of backstrap loom weaving. ![]() ![]() VS Code's Yeoman extension generator will help you generate the rest of the extension. Customize your colors in your user settings then generate a theme definition file with the Developer: Generate Color Theme From Current Settings command. Creating your own Color ThemeĬreating and publishing a theme extension is easy. More information on semantic tokens and styling rule syntax can be found in the Semantic Highlighting Guide. The section shows the semantic token information (type and any number of modifiers) as well as the styling rules that apply. If semantic tokens are available for the language at the given position and enabled by theme, the inspect tool shows a section semantic token type. To see what semantic tokens are computed and how they are styled, users can use the scope inspector ( Developer: Inspect Editor Tokens and Scopes), which displays information for the text at the current cursor position. To customize a specific theme only, use the following syntax: "lorCustomizations" : ![]() You can use IntelliSense while setting lorCustomizations values or, for a list of all customizable colors, see the Theme Color Reference. ![]() To set the colors of VS Code UI elements such as list & trees (File Explorer, suggestions widget), diff editor, Activity Bar, notifications, scroll bar, split view, buttons, and more, use lorCustomizations. You can customize your active color theme with the lorCustomizations and editor.tokenColorCustomizations user settings. workbench.preferredHighContrastLightColorTheme - defaults to "Default High Contrast Light"Ĭustomizing a Color Theme Workbench colors.workbench.preferredHighContrastColorTheme - defaults to "Default High Contrast".workbench.preferredDarkColorTheme - defaults to "Default Dark+".workbench.preferredLightColorTheme - defaults to "Default Light+".To customize the themes that are used when a color scheme changes, you can set the preferred light, dark, and high contrast themes with the settings: There is a setting, toDetectColorScheme, that instructs VS Code to listen to changes to the OS's color scheme and switch to a matching theme accordingly. Windows and macOS support light and dark color schemes. You can search for themes in the Extensions view ( ⇧⌘X (Windows, Linux Ctrl+Shift+X)) search box using the filter. If you find one you want to use, install it and restart VS Code and the new theme will be available. ![]() Many more themes have been uploaded to the VS Code Extension Marketplace by the community. There are several out-of-the-box color themes in VS Code for you to try. To do so, set a theme in the Workspace settings. You can also configure a workspace specific theme. Tip: By default, the theme is stored in your user settings and applies globally to all workspaces. ![]() Specifies the color theme used in the workbench. The active color theme is stored in your user settings (keyboard shortcut ⌘, (Windows, Linux Ctrl+,)). Select the theme you want and press Enter.Use the cursor keys to preview the colors of the theme.You can also use the keyboard shortcut ⌘K ⌘T (Windows, Linux Ctrl+K Ctrl+T) to display the picker.( Code > Preferences > Theme > Color Theme on macOS). In VS Code, open the Color Theme picker with File > Preferences > Theme > Color Theme.Configure IntelliSense for cross-compilingĬolor themes let you modify the colors in Visual Studio Code's user interface to suit your preferences and work environment. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() You can unlock your PC's potential and make it as fast as a brand new one. It is quick to access to help you manage system resources and troubleshoot issues.Īdvanced SystemCare Pro 11 also rebuilds and enhances existing tools and features such as Startup Optimization and Hardware Accelerate, Resource Management, Resource Manager, Startup Optimization, and Large Files Finder. It also offers a more intuitive report of disks and RAM usage to give you a better understanding of your PC's status. The Redesigned Performance Monitor provides more accurate and real-time data on CPU, GPU, and mainboard temperatures. It optimizes startup items, system resource and Internet connections to speed up your computer's response time, boot time, and browsing speed. Surfing Protection and Ads Removal give you a new, secure, and ad-free online surfing experience.Ĭlean & Optimize's 1-click approach makes it much easier to clean up junk files and other data. FaceID automatically detects intruders trying to secretly access your computer and gain unauthorized access to your private data. Surfing Protection and FaceID, together with Ads-Removal, take your PC security to the next level. What'''''s more, Advanced SystemCare 12 offers over 10 useful tools, such as Startup Manager, Win Fix, Large File Finder, File Shredder, Registry Cleaner, Undelete, and Default Program to unlock the full potential of the PC. Startup Optimization.Large Files Finder.Resource Accelerate.FaceID. It also has a bonus feature of cleaning unnecessary installed driver packages. This system allows you to free up enough disk space. Microsoft digitally signed the new drivers to ensure compatibility with Windows 10. Download Advanced SystemCare Free for Windows to unlock full PC Lots of tools: IOBits everything-but-the-kitchen-sink approach to. This tune-up utility lets you perform many system repairs as found in IObit Advanced SystemCare Free and offers much more to it. It protects against DNS attacks and browser tracking issues. ![]() The enhanced Protection module protects your computer and your online experience in real-time. This software provides professional protection against security threats and a 1-click way to achieve top PC performance.Īdvanced SystemCare Pro 11 has a large antivirus database that can help you remove viruses, spyware, ransomware, and other security threats. It also includes privacy protection and a PC optimization utility. Advanced SystemCare Pro 11 is based on Bitdefender's new antivirus engine. Advanced SystemCare Pro 11 provides powerful, full-scale protection for your PC's security and performance. ![]() ![]() In this way, you can save data to your Mac that is uploaded from some other source. Just like uploading, you can also learn how to download Dropbox files on Mac as well. How to Download Files from Dropbox on Mac Just make sure that your Mac is connected to a stable internet connection so that all the files will be uploaded instantly.
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